One Dimensional Motion Essay Example for Free

One Dimensional Motion Essay Motion is everywhere: friendly and threatening, horrible and beautiful. It is fundamental to our human existence; we need motion for learning, for thinking, for growing, and for enjoying life. Like all animals, we rely on motion to get food, to survive dangers, and to reproduce; like all living beings we need motion to breathe and to digest. Motion is the most fundamental observation about nature at large. It turns out that everything, which happens in the world, is some type of motion. This lab looks at one-dimensional motion namely kinematics. This is when an object moves in relation to something else. It is the most basic of motions and a great starting point in researching motion. In looking at motion in a more scientific manner rather than just observing this lab will be taking measurements to look at relationships of distance, velocity and time. These measurements should agree with the known Galilean theories of motion. Method Part A A CBL unit was used with a motion sensor that could determine distance. The apparatus was placed on top of a table facing a long hallway with no obstructions. The CBL unit was then attached to a Ti-83 plus calculator to gather the data from the experiments. The HIKER program on the calculator was performed, which took distance measurements every 0. 1 seconds for 6 seconds. Each test was collected then the results were inputted into the Graphical Analysis program for regression analysis. The first test was that of a person walking away as shown in figure 1. The second test was that of a person walking away at a faster pace as shown in figure 2. The third test was that of a person walking towards the detector as shown in figure 3. The fourth test was that of a person standing still with no movement, which is shown in figure 4 and the last test was that of someone walking away and coming back, which is shown in figure 5. Each graph has the corresponding regression curve of best fit that was calculated using Graphical Analysis. Next the same CBL motion detector was taken outside to allow for enough room for the test and placed on a table. Foam was packed around the sensor to ensure that the device wouldnt be damaged during the test. The sensor was placed facing up. Again, like before, the CBL unit was attached to the Ti-83 plus calculator for data collection and the BALLDROP program was executed. The program took readings of distance at 0. 02 seconds for approximately 1. 6 seconds. After the program executed a basketball was thrown in the air above the sensor and caught after 1. 6 seconds. The test was repeated many times because the testers hands would get in the way of the reading. When there was no unwanted obstruction influencing the results then the data was saved and imported in the Graphical Analysis software to ensure the accuracy of the results by minimizing the systematic error. Figure 6 is the resulting graph from the data and table 1 has the raw data collected.

Introduction To Disaster Management

Introduction To Disaster Management Disasters are seen as the effect of hazards on vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster. Great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property are the results of Disasters. The immeasurable damage caused by disaster varies with the geographical location. In the concerned areas disasters have the following effects: It completely upsets the normal day to day life. Harmfully persuade the emergency systems Depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster the normal needs and processes are badly affected and deteriorated. Disasters are the effect of hazard on vulnerable or defenseless areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster. 1.1.2 Types of Disasters: Disasters can be classified as: Natural disaster Human-Made disaster 1) Natural Disasters: Natural disasters are the result of biological, geological, seismic, hydrologic or meteorological conditions. They are a threat to, people, structures and economic assets Few examples are: Earthquake Cyclones Hurricanes Floods Landslides 2) Human-Made Disasters: Human-made disasters are Emergency situations which are the results of deliberate human actions. They involves situations in which people suffers casualties, losses of basic services and means of livelihood. Few examples are: Oil Spill An airplane crash War Civil strife Major fire 1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTER situations: A situation in which community is CAPABLE of coping is EMERGENCY. Emergency situations are generated by a real occurrence of events that require immediate attention of emergency resources. A situation in which community is INCAPABLE of coping is DISASATER. Disaster situations are natural or human-caused events which causes severe negative impact on community. 1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD? 1.2.1 Definition: Hazard is a chance or possibility of being injured or harmed. OR Hazard is the possibility of laying yourself open to loss or misfortune. Hazards can be classified into two Modes: Dormant Mode Active Mode 1) Dormant Mode: The situation that has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, or environment is currently affected by this. For example: An unstable hillside, has a potential for a landslide but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected. 2) Active Mode: An incident in which hazard has actually occurred, creating an Emergency situations or Disasters. Classification of Hazards: Hazard can also be classified as: Natural Hazard Man-Made Hazard Natural Hazard: Definition: These hazards are caused by a natural process. Examples of some Natural hazards are: 1) Volcanic Eruptions: Ashes and different toxic gases are expelled through volcanoes from deep inside the earth 2) Droughts: A part of a land suffers from lack of rain during specific period of time which causes severe damage to the crops, soil, animals and people also. 3) Tsunamis: Very large waves which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions smashes into a shore. 1.2.4 Man-made Hazard: Definition: These hazards are created by humans. Examples of some Man-Made hazards are: Global Warming: Projected increases in the Earths atmospheres average temperature. In the 20th century the Earths average temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius. Crime: It is a kind of Sociological hazard. Crime is a breach of laws and rules. For example Breach of contract. Industrial Hazard: It is a kind of Technological hazard. Industrial hazards often have an environmental impact. For example Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial disaster to date). 1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK: 1.3.1 Vulnerability: Definition: Susceptibility of a person, group or society to physical or emotional injury. OR Person or group liable to injury. As far as Hazards and Disasters are concern, the concept of Vulnerability is to link the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain them. 1.3.2 Capacity: Definition: Within a community all the available resources, that can reduce risk level and disaster effects. Frequent term used in Disaster is Capacity building. Capacity building is the efforts to develop human skills within a community to reduce risk levels. 1.3.3 Risk: Definition: Occurrence probability of a hazard that trigger a disaster with an undesirable outcome. Risk involves an exposure to a chance injury or loss. Risk generally described in terms of probability. Risk can also be defined as the probability of a loss, risk depends on three elements: Hazard Vulnerability Exposure 1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE: 1.4.1 What is Disaster Management? Main idea: To prevent disasters wherever possible or to mitigate or lessen those disasters which are inevitable. Through Public awareness and Hazard management disasters could be prevented or mitigated. 1.4.2 What is Disaster Management cycle? Definition: Disaster Management Cycle is a cycle which has phases to reduce or prevent disasters. It is a cyclic process it means the end of one phase is the beginning of another phase, although next phase can be started before the completion of previous phase. Some times several phases are taking place concurrently. During each phase, timely decision making can results in greater preparedness, better warnings, and prevent further disasters. The complete Disaster Management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that addresses the causes of disasters and lessening their effects on people, property and infrastructure. 1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE: Disaster Management Cycle has four phases: Phase 1- Mitigation Phase 2 Preparedness Phase 3 Response Phase 4 Recovery 1.5.1 Phase 1 Mitigation: 1.5.1.1 Goal: The Goal of Mitigation activities is to get rid of or reduce the disaster occurrence probability, or to mitigate the effects of unavoidable disasters. Definition: Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to minimize its impacts. Example: Public education Building codes and zoning Mitigation includes: Reviewing building codes Zoning and land-use management Implementing preventative health measures There are two types of Mitigation activities: Structural Mitigation: It refers to constructing projects to reduce economic and social impacts. Non-structural mitigation: They are the policies which raise awareness of hazards. Non-structural mitigation activities also encourage developments to lessen disaster impact. Through Mitigation we can educate businesses and public in order to reduce loss or injury. At home Mitigation activities: In your home Strengthening vulnerable areas such as roof tops, exterior doors and windows. In your home build a safe room. 1.5.2 Phase 2 Preparedness: 1.5.2.1 Goal: The goal of Preparedness activities is: for any emergency situation, achieve a satisfactory level of readiness through programs that support the technical capacity of government. 1.5.2.2 Definition: Preparedness activities are the Plans/preparations made to save lives or property. 1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes: Implementation/operation Systems of early warning. Preparedness plans Emergency exercises Emergency communication systems Public education Through early warning systems people will react appropriately when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suitable measures for development plans at national and regional level. To save lives and minimize disaster damage, individuals, government and organization develop plans and this all is done in Preparedness phase. 1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation: Disaster mitigation and Disaster Preparedness go hand in hand. To ensure that existing infrastructure can withstand the forces of disaster, disaster preparedness includes implementation of mitigation measures. 1.5.3 Phase 3 Response: 1.5.3.1 Goal: The goal of Response is to give instant assistance to maintain life, improve health and hold up the morale of affected population. 1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes: Assisting refugees with transport. Give temporary shelter and food. Establish semi permanent settlement in camps. Repairing damage infrastructure. The basic needs of people are more focused in Response phase until permanent solutions can be found. 1.5.4 Phase 4 Recovery: 1.5.4.1 Goal: To help people restoring their lives and infrastructure as soon as possible. 1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities: Recovery activities can be: Short term recovery activities Long term recovery activities Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues. 1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in disasters include: Building Temporary housing. Public information. Educating public about Health and safety education. Concealing programs for people. Reconstruction Economic impact studies From recovery to long-term sustainable development there should be smooth transition. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: 1.6.1 EMS: EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System. EMS can facilitate the effective management of Disasters. Information Technology can improve the system of Disaster Management and support all the phases of the DMC (Disaster Management Cycle) 1.6.2 PHASE I: Mitigation and Prevention: To reduce the impact of disasters, effective Disaster Management plays a key role. Disaster Management uses different effective technological tools to help the process of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For example: Tracking system: the cargo of Hazard Management (HAZMAT) can be track by advance Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment carrying Hazardous materials deviates from its route centers of Disaster Management issues notification to management centers. Inventory systems: For any emergency situations Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available. It monitors the inventory levels of important equipment and supplies and maintain the record of important supplies on regular basis in form of Databases. Detection: For detecting and monitoring the hazardous cargo, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside detectors also confirm that cargo is not deviating for its route. 1.6.3 PHASE II: Preparedness: Preparedness deals with the development of plans before any emergency or disastrous situations. Emergency management system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like: Telemedicine: It is a connection between ambulances which are responding and emergency medical facilities available very near. By using telemedicine doctors can give advices to medical personnel for the treatment of those patients who are on the way to hospital. Advanced ACN: Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated collision notification. They inform emergency personnel through vehicle mounted sensors and wireless communication about incidents like collisions or crashes. They also tell the incidents exact location and characteristics. 1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and Recovery: To provide immediate help or assistance to the population affected by disasters is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the restoration of peoples live as soon as possible after the disaster or any emergency situation. Emergency management System with the help of Technology can help the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and software like: Scheduling and Coordination software: In order to make the response process organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can monitor and coordinate many response activities. Early Warning System: In transportation infrastructure a vast variety of sensors are used which provide an early warning systems. This early warning system used to detect large-scale disasters and emergencies and also man-made disaster or technological disaster. Large-scale disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological disasters include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorism, nuclear power plant accidents. Response management: Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response management by using the technology of Automated vehicle location (AVL) and two-way communication between dispatchers and emergency vehicles. Chapter No:2 TYPES OF DISASTERS: 2.1 INTRODUCTION: According to [11] CRED (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster), Belgium, defines Disaster as: A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance OR Disaster is also defined as Great damage, loss or destruction results from a sudden catastrophic event. Many [11] different types of events like weather or earths geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a disaster and extreme weather events like cyclones, floods, tornadoes etc. The database of disaster events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the disaster events from 1900 to present. Possible causes of increment in disasters: There [11] are many causes for increase in disasters but some common causes are as under: Environmental changes related to economic development may affect the potential for disasters. Change of Global climate from the build-up of greenhouse gases may lead to a greater frequency of extreme weather events (heat waves) in the future, as well as sea level rise. Several existing coastlines may be threatened in this event. Industrialization without controls may increase the risk for technological disasters. Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialization. 2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters? Disasters can [1] be broadly classified according to their: Causes Natural or Man-made disaster Speed of onset Sudden or Slow Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the examples of Natural disasters. The two most common examples of Man-made disasters are The Bhopal gas release and the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Forest fires (initiated by man) may be another example. There can be a sudden onset or slow onset of disaster. Sudden or Quick onset of disaster means they can occur suddenly in time and slow onset of disaster means they may develop over a period of time or gradually. 2.2 NATURAL DISASTES: 2.2.1 Definition: Natural [1] disaster occurs naturally in proximity to, and pose a threat to people, structures or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or processes in the natural environment for example cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods etc. Few examples of Natural disasters are: Earthquake Tsunamis Flood Cyclone Now I will discuss above Natural disasters. 2.2.2 Earthquake: Earthquake is the vibration of earths surface due to underground movements. Earthquakes also called as tremor or temblor. Sudden release of energy in the earths crust leads to a natural disaster called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy waves are called as seismic waves. Epicenter of earthquake is called as the origin point of these seismic waves. Among the most unpredictable natural disasters people can experience, Earthquake is the one. During earthquakes tens of thousands of people are put in danger. Some International Statistics of Earthquake: More than half a million deaths worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009. Each year more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide. Measurement of Earthquake: To measure the size of an Earthquake there are many ways. Some of these ways depend upon the damaged amount caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismic energy generated by the earthquake. To measure earthquake there are two scales which are very popular: Seismographs Richter scale Seismographs: Seismic waves are generated by Earthquakes these waves can be detected by a sensitive instrument called Seismograph. Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can record ground shaking over seismic amplitude and covers broad band of frequencies that is why they are also called as Broadband Seismograph.The study of Seismograph is called as Seismology. Richter scale: Earthquakes intensity and magnitude can be represented by Richter scale. If the intensity of earthquake is 3 on a Richter scale then that earthquake is not harmful. Extremely harmful earthquake has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter scale. Nowadays modified versions of Richter scales are used for earthquake measurement throughout the world. Richter scale is also called as Richter magnitude scale because it measures the magnitude of earthquake. 2.2.3 Tsunami: Ocean [1] wave generated by submarine earthquake, powerful volcanic eruption or underwater landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [12] often generated by earthquake in a subduction zone (an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle by plate tectonic forces). Tsunami also called as seismic sea wave. Sudden Large displacement of water causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great speed across the open ocean and builds into large deadly waves in a shallow water of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves with an extremely low period and wavelength. The [1] largest earthquake event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale. The event originated in Tonga (approximately 200km south of Apia) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 metre run-ups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than ten (10) minutes from its point of origin, meaning it travelled at a speed of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an earthquake occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for example, people living in low-lying coastal areas must relocate to higher and safer grounds immediately. Tsunami speed: Tsunami in a pacific ocean can travel at speeds up to 450mph (half of the speed of sound). The height of Tsunami waves are about 30 to 100 feets. Damage caused by Tsunami: Substantial [13] amount of damage can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal villages can be destroyed by a single Tsunami. It can remove all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of years to accumulate. Safety: The approach [13] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but nature has its own methods of warning people. If in a certain area the coastal water is abnormally high or low, then this is the warning for Tsunami. 2.2.4 Floods: Flood occurs when [1] large amount of water flow from river or from broken pipe onto a previously dry area. The origin of flood can be very [11] quick or they may develop over a period of days or weeks following an extended period of rain or quick melting of snow. Flash flood have sudden onset. Drowning is the main hazard from flooding. This is most common in flash flood. The common risk factor for flash flood victims is driving in an automobile, many victims of flash flood drown within their vehicle. Health concern from flooding: A longer [11] term health concern from flooding is the development of disease from inundated sanitation stations. Large floods pose a hazard to existing sanitation and drinking water systems. Importance of Flooding: For [1] local ecosystem, flooding can be environmentally important. For example some river floods bring nutrients to soil such as in Egypt where the annual flooding of the Nile River carries nutrients to otherwise dry land. Flood also affect economy. How to mitigate impact of flood: pre-event [11] measures: early warning for flash flood events public education on flood hazards like automobile driving post-event measures: maintaining proper sanitation system proper control of population 2.2.5 Cyclones: Chapter no 3 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: INTRODUCTION: The Advanced Information Technology plays a great role in planning and implementation of different measures for the reduction of hazards. The advanced information technology includes: GIS Remote Sensing Satellite Communication Internet The quality and analysis power of natural hazards can be update by Geographic Information System (GIS). In the selection of mitigation measures GIS can direct development activities. The identification of hazardous areas and before time warning for many future disasters can be done by Remote Sensing Communication satellites contribute a lot to provide communication in emergency situations and timely relief measures. For hazard reduction the addition of space technology inputs into monitoring of natural disasters and mechanisms of mitigation is very important 3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: The management of emergencies concerning all hazards, including all activities and risk management measures related to prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Emergency management can rebuild and restore society back to functional level in no time after a disaster. The basic purpose of emergency management is to: 1) Save as many lives as possible 2) To protect and preserve the environment 3) To protect the economy 3.2.1 Emergency Management System: Definition: It is a technological tool used to improve and enhance the Emergency Disaster Management. Emergency management system can help Disaster Management in several areas, such as: Materials: To ensure that the warehouse is stock with all the items needed for national survival in any disaster, before any overseas help arrival. Manpower: In first aid and shelter management train personnel. Evacuation Plans: Testing of General disaster and Evacuation plan. Communication: To establish reliable Communication system. Transportation: To establish effective Transportation plans for example transportation through air which facilitates the food delivery supplies process to the victims of affected areas which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic. Examples of Emergency Management System at work: Management of Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT): By means of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides secure transportation of dangerous and hazardous materials. EMS uses special devices for tracking the shipment of HAZMAT. Emergency medical services: EMS notifies the emergency personnel with important and valuable information on emergency incidents. For example EMS is equipped with automated collision notification system to detect vehicle collision. Recovery and Response: EMS has efficient Sensors which can detect natural disasters and warn population before hand. IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Through Information Technology the suffering of the disaster victims can be minimized. There are several tools of Information Technology which are useful in the management of any disaster. In this Report I am focusing the following Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management: Geographic Information System (GIS) Remote Sensing Global Positioning System (GPS) 3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management: 3.3.1.1 Introduction: GIS is the acronym for Geographic Information System. For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as: They are the kind of information system which are well capable of storing, integrating, analyzing, editing, sharing, and displaying the information which is geographically-referenced. GIS can create the interactive queries, edit data and different maps and can easily present the final results of all these operations. The quality and power of analysis of assessments of natural hazards can be improved by GIS. In the selection of mitigation measures, emergency preparedness and response action, GIS also guide and assist different development activities. Applications of GIS: For the following activities GIS applications are very useful. Creation of hazard inventory map: At all the district and inter-municipal levels, the developmental projects pre-feasibility study can be very efficiently done by GIS. To locate important facilities: Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical facilities. Management and Creation of associated Database: Planners can make projects at feasibility level. These projects can used to make risk maps for existing cities, disaster preparedness planning and relief activities after disaster. Vulnerability assessment: To expand Disaster Management organizations by creating awareness of disaster with government and public is done by innovative and interactive technology tool GIS. Emergency shelters and the use of GIS: Shelter [1] operators use GIS technology to take the personal details of persons being housed at the shelters. GIS technology would also give information to the shelter operators on the general makeup of the shelter like that how many children, adults, disable or any special occupant are in the shelter or need shelter. Relief Distribution and the use of GIS: GIS generate maps of the affected areas where bunch of victims are located then with the help of these maps food drops processes will take place. These maps will also identify the unique needs of persons within these bunches. Vulnerable areas: The areas which are prone to disasters are highlighted by GIS. This will help the disaster managers to do planning before the occurrence of disaster and it also facilitates the coordination of efforts during and after the event. GIS Advantages: There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under: It can [1] represent spatial information over a wide geographic area. To take more detailed view of contents GIS uses 3D graphics. Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, models and other forms of graphics. GIS distributes updated informaton. It also efficiently analyzes, collects and manage that information. For individuals who wants to use GIS only little tranning is required. This feature of GIS makes it versatile and easy to use. 3.3.1.4 Challenges of using GIS in Disaster Management: GIS [1] can sometimes reveal personal and people-specific information which can significantly affect peoples life. Form GIS information sometimes vital and hard decisions have to be taken in the best interest of affected people. To get the output which is meaningful and useful from the system, large amounts of inputs are required. GIS delayed the decision making process during emergency because it require huge amount of information and vast amount of time to analyze that information. Disaster Management Cycle and GIS: Planning: To [1] realize the need for planning which is based on the present risk is the most important stage of DM. For forward planning GIS plays a key role. GIS provides a structure for disaster managers to view spatial data by computer based maps. Mitigation: For structural and non-structural mitigation, GIS can play very important role. Areas which are at risk are spatially represented by GIS. GIS also identifies the risk level associated with particular hazard. Disaster managers use GIS to determine the level of mitigative structures that should be in place given the vulnerability of an area or population. Preparedness: GIS can play a vital role in the identification of resources and areas which are at risk. The link between partners and critical agencies is established by GIS and the use of GIS in the establishment of that link will help disaster managers to know the location of stations of relevant partner agencies. In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can provide information on the human resources present in an Emergency Operation Centre as well as on the ground personnel such as security, health providers and other key responders. This is particularly useful since the technology can help with strategic placement of emergency personnel where it matters most. Through GIS we can make sure that communication networks and road infrastructure are capable of handling the effe

Interaction Between Major Environmental Systems

Interaction Between Major Environmental Systems ‘Explain how the major environmental systems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere) interact and are interrelated’ In this assignment I will discuss and explain how our four major environmental systems the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere interact and are interrelated. I will explain each one individually then go onto detailing how they link with one another with examples of photosynthesis, respiration and precipitation with the help of conceptual diagrams, lecture notes and my own personal knowledge. Our planet is made up of four basic ‘spheres’ or also known as ‘the four great realms of earth’ (Strahler and Strahler, 1994, pp. 7-7). Each serves a purpose and is interrelated with one-another and requires each other to form the life-cycle we live in. Figure 1 below shows a basic form of how our four main environmental systems interact: Figure 1: Interactive processes (Lal, Kimble, and Follett, 1997, 4.) Our atmosphere consists of many elements and plays an important part in making our planet inhabitable and sustainable for life. It comprises of around 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and a small trace of gases such as carbon dioxide (earth system pp). There are also several layers which can be split up which are the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere and the Ionosphere (White, 1984, pp. 71 -71). The atmosphere today has been derived from the Earth itself by chemical and biochemical reactions (White, 1984, pp. 68 68) and also plays a vital role in creating our Earth’s weather systems. The hydrosphere is the Earth’s liquid cycle; it contains our rivers, lakes, oceans, streams, glaciers and groundwater and is linked into our water cycle. It’s our most dominate environmental system and covers around 70% of the earth’s surface which it contrives of features for plants and animals to inhabit. It also contains 1.4 billion cubic kilometres of water and water is essential to life and required for the survival of organisms (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 7 7). The biosphere can be referred as the part of our environmental system where life exists. The term biosphere is used to describe either this veneer of life, or these organisms together with the surface environments in which they interact (White, 1984, pp. 128 128). It consists of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components and it extends from our deepest oceans all the way to around 10km above sea level (earth system pp) and incorporates all different kinds of organisms and species. The Pedosphere is the Earth’s outer layer which contrive of soils and soil formations. It can also be linked in with the Lithosphere but has its own determined category. It provides a solid foundation for sustainability for plants and other organisms to live. The major factors influencing soil and soil development are parent material, climate, vegetation and time (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 240 240). There are two main classes of soils which are primary and secondary which vary in terms of substance. Photosynthesis is the process by which higher plants, algae, and certain species of bacterial transform and store solar energy in the form of energy-rich organic molecules (Eaton-Rye, Tripathy, Sharkey, 2011, pp 1-1) and is a direct interaction between the atmosphere and biosphere. The process occurs from when the sun releases energy rays into our atmosphere which are absorbed by the biosphere within plants via their leaves, they then use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen, sugar and starch which is used as a food source by plants. Plants contain chloroplasts which makes the scenario of photosynthesis possible. They then release oxygen back into our atmosphere which humans intake and release back carbon dioxide to complete the cycle. This interaction between the atmosphere and biosphere in terms of collaborating and enhancing organisms. Photosynthesis also contributes towards ‘fossil fuels’ (i.e., coals, oil, and gas) that power the industrial s ociety. The fuels provide energy to fuel factories, homes and also raw materials such as plastics and other materials (Bassham, 2014). Figure 2 below shows the basic process in which photosynthesis occurs and how the cycle works: Figure 2: Diagram showing Photosynthesis (n. d.) In return, respiration occurs from the process of photosynthesis in animals and plant life contributing to the atmosphere where energy is released from glucose and other substances. Respiration, which occurs in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, utilizes energy present in organic molecules to fuel a wide range of metabolic reactions critical for cell growth and development (Eaton-Rye, Tripathy, Sharkey, 2011, pp 1-1). There are two types of respiration, the first being aerobic which are common in all higher plants and animals and the process occurs within living cells and oxygen. It is a permanent process that continues throughout the life of plants and animals. The second is anaerobic and is common in microorganisms but very rare in higher plants and animals. The process occurs in the absence of oxygen and can be toxic to plants and animals (‘Major Differences’, n.d.). Respiration breaks down food molecules which occur inside cells to release energy, this is known as the oxygen cycle which animals and humans consume oxygen discharged by plants through the basis of metabolism. Carbon dioxide is then released by animals and humans in which plants then absorb and the whole cycle begins again starting with photosynthesis which forms part of an interrelated system and sustainability for life. Figure 3 below shows the process of the oxygen cycle with respiration between animals and plants in working order: Figure 3: The Oxygen Cycle (n.d) Precipitation is a direct interaction between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Water exists in the air in the form of humidity, clouds, fog and precipitation (Introducing physical geography p 77). Precipitation can form in two ways. In the first, cloud droplets collide and coalesce into larger and larger water droplets that fall as rain. In the second, ice crystals form and grow in a cloud that contains a mixture of both ice crystals and water droplets (Strahler Strahler, 1999, pp. 86 86). There are many forms of precipitation which include rain, freezing rain, snow, sleet and hail which form a part of the water cycle. It also plays a part in creating our weather system which can affect the environmental systems on our planet. Rain develops when the droplets clouds hold become too heavy to sustain and eventually fall to the ground producing rain. Rain can also start out as being small ice crystals which then turn into snowflakes and as the temperature gets warmer with the flakes falling they warm up and melt into rain droplets. These rain drops can benefit organisms in the biosphere such as plants for food and growth. Snow is formed by the process of water vapour turning into ice crystals from within clouds, the process is called sublimation (‘Sublimation from Snow and Ice’, n.d.) and the snow never melts on its way down to the ground. Hail is the process of where raindrops collaborate and freeze and when the clumps get too heavy for clouds to hold they fall to the ground. Hail can form in all different sizes from tiny pebble shapes to anything up to the size of a cricket ball. Sleet is the simple form of frozen raindrops which melt then refreeze in sleet as it falls to the ground. It begins as either rain or snow which falls through layers of cold air which contains temperatures below freezing. Figure 4 below shows the water cycle with precipitation incorporated into it: Figure 4: The water Cycle ‘USGS’ U.S Dept. of the Interior, U.S Geological Survey In conclusion our planet contrives of many different environments which contain contrasting forms of organisms and life. Us as humans have categorised and produced cycles in which all these processes occur. The cycles play a major role in how life is sustained on our planet and each cycle relies and interacts with one another in maintaining the constant flow needed. Having these processes helps us understand how things work and how we can help make a difference to insuring to managing our environment for future generations. Word count References: Bassham, J. A. (2014, August 27). Photosynthesis (biology). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis (n. d.) Retrieved 6 December 2014, from https://biochemunrated.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/jgjffjf.jpg (n.d.) Retrieved 30 November 2014, from http://www.ecoregionproject.weebly.com/nitrogen-oxygen-and-carbon-cycles.html Major Differences. (n.d.) Retrieved 6 December 2014, from http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/05/difference-between-aerobic-and.html Sublimation from Snow and Ice. (n.d). Retrieved 7 December 2014, from http://link.springer.com/referenceworkenentry/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_686 The Water Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 December 2014, from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html Bibliography: Dury, G. H. (1981). Introduction to Environmental Systems: Tchrs’. United Kingdom: Heinemann. Eaton-Rye, J., Tripathy, B. C., Sharkey, T. (2011). Photosynthesis: Plastid Biology, Energy Conversion and Carbon Assimilation. Gresswell, R. K., Cooper, H. J. (1971). The geography of the earth as a globe. Amersham: Hulton Educational Publications Ltd. Organizations, B. on I.S and Affairs, P. and G. (2009) Frontiers in Soil Science Research: Report of a Workshop. United States: National Academies Press. Strahler, A. and Strahler, A. (1994) Introducing Physical Geography. United States: John Wiley and Sons (WIE). White, I. (1984) Environmental Systems. London: Chapman Hall.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Heroic Archetype -- Epic Beowulf he

Beowulf as Heroic Archetype Monsters, their mothers, and dragons! The epic poem Beowulf, author unknown, includes all these mystical creatures and an impervious protagonist after which the poem is named. As the main character in the poem, Beowulf exemplifies the heroic archetype physically, spiritually, and ethically. Beowulf is superior to the average person in many areas, among them physical strength. Throughout the poem, Beowulf accomplishes feats that no other man would be able to survive and proves his boundless might. Beowulf is described to Hrothgar, king of the Danes, by a messenger as "...a mighty warrior, powerful and wise" (line 370). Beowulf himself challenges the insults of Unferth by saying, "...no strength is a match for mine" (line 534). Also, Beowulf tells Hrothgar and his company of a time when he had to face several sea monsters in the dark by himself, and still managed to kill them and swim to shore: ...nine was the number Of sea-huge monsters I killed. What man, Anywhere under Heaven's high arch, has fought In such darkness, endur...

Rates of Reaction - The concentration of hydrochloric acid and the rate of reaction with sodium theosulphate :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rate of Reaction After doing my pilot run, i think that my method and apparatus used should be mostly the same: Apparatus - 1 conical flask - 1 lamenated 'x' - 3 test tubes - 1 thermometer - 1 stop watch - 3 pipettes Method: 1. Measure 10ml of 0.2mol/dm3 or 0.2moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate 2. Pour it into the conical flask 3. Add 40ml of distilled water for dillution. 4. Then add 5cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration 2mol/dm3 at room temperature 5. Record the temperature of the mixture. Stir mixture gently. 6. Stir mixture gently 7. Start time when all is stirred and when the conical flask is over the 'X' paper. 8. Once the cross is completely out of sight due to the reactionof the sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid and then record the time. 9. I willl then repeat this with different measurements of sodium thiosulphate and water. Changes I have made and why - I am not going to be using a burette because after finishing my pilot run, i realised that i was gradually getting more and more behind schedule and I wouldn;t have enough time to complete my obtaining evidence if I were to carry on using it. Fair test To make sure it was a fair test. i had to constantly keep cleaning and washing the equipmentas any remaining substances can cause major differences in the results. And we had to try ansd hope that the room temperature will remain constant during the course of my experiment. Also we always have to keep the volume of concentrstion the same - 55ml. number and range of experiments - If I have enough time, I would like to try around nine different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate with water. I am going to try hte following volumes of sodium thiosulphate: 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml, 30ml,35ml, 40ml,45ml and 50ml. - I have chosen a range of 40ml as I think this is enough to truly experience the various actions of sodium thiosulphate reacting with hydrochloric acid. - If any of my results seem somewhat innaccurate or faulty, I will try my best to redo them. Safety - Make sure to tie hair back. - Wear a lab coat. - Wear safety glasses or goggles. - Wash hand in between each experimewnt and after anmd before eating. - Open windows so the smell isn't too overwhelming Dillutions To make my experiment a fair test, we must always have the same volume of solutions, 55ml. Rates of Reaction - The concentration of hydrochloric acid and the rate of reaction with sodium theosulphate :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation Rate of Reaction After doing my pilot run, i think that my method and apparatus used should be mostly the same: Apparatus - 1 conical flask - 1 lamenated 'x' - 3 test tubes - 1 thermometer - 1 stop watch - 3 pipettes Method: 1. Measure 10ml of 0.2mol/dm3 or 0.2moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate 2. Pour it into the conical flask 3. Add 40ml of distilled water for dillution. 4. Then add 5cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration 2mol/dm3 at room temperature 5. Record the temperature of the mixture. Stir mixture gently. 6. Stir mixture gently 7. Start time when all is stirred and when the conical flask is over the 'X' paper. 8. Once the cross is completely out of sight due to the reactionof the sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid and then record the time. 9. I willl then repeat this with different measurements of sodium thiosulphate and water. Changes I have made and why - I am not going to be using a burette because after finishing my pilot run, i realised that i was gradually getting more and more behind schedule and I wouldn;t have enough time to complete my obtaining evidence if I were to carry on using it. Fair test To make sure it was a fair test. i had to constantly keep cleaning and washing the equipmentas any remaining substances can cause major differences in the results. And we had to try ansd hope that the room temperature will remain constant during the course of my experiment. Also we always have to keep the volume of concentrstion the same - 55ml. number and range of experiments - If I have enough time, I would like to try around nine different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate with water. I am going to try hte following volumes of sodium thiosulphate: 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml, 30ml,35ml, 40ml,45ml and 50ml. - I have chosen a range of 40ml as I think this is enough to truly experience the various actions of sodium thiosulphate reacting with hydrochloric acid. - If any of my results seem somewhat innaccurate or faulty, I will try my best to redo them. Safety - Make sure to tie hair back. - Wear a lab coat. - Wear safety glasses or goggles. - Wash hand in between each experimewnt and after anmd before eating. - Open windows so the smell isn't too overwhelming Dillutions To make my experiment a fair test, we must always have the same volume of solutions, 55ml.

Educating Rita †the Consequence of Change Essay

Belonging implies alteration. and alteration seldom comes without effect. The patterned advance to belong into a now civilization or topographic point may be physical. emotional or mental. Rita. driven by experiencing inadequate is the chief character in Willy Russell’s drama. Educating Rita. She achieves a successful move into her new universe. However. she must get the better of alteration which will come at a personal cost. Throughout the drama Willy Russell depicts many subjects ; these include relationships. pick and effect. societal category and alteration. These subjects are invariably seen in â€Å"good will hunting† . directed by Gus Van Sant. Gazing Matt Damon who plays â€Å"will hunting† . an abused Foster kid. he subconsciously blames himself for his unhappy upbringing and turns this self-loathing into a signifier of self-sabotage in both his professional and emotional life. The narrative is about his challenge to interrupt from his propertyless civilization and move on. However. he will confront many alterations through-out his quest to belong. Relationships can model or trigger alteration. and alteration is seen throughout Educating Rita. Rita embarks on an Open University class as she wants more out of her life. Rita see’s instruction as an issue path from her current life. she is â€Å"out of step† with her hubby. household and friends – Rita wants to â€Å"discover [ herself ] first† . before desiring to counterbalance with holding a kid with Denny. Denny’s compulsion of one twenty-four hours settling down with a household leads to the ulterior divorce and failure of their matrimony. Rita’s initial word picture of Denny towards Frank was that Denny â€Å"was blind† . Rita differentiates herself by saying that â€Å" [ she ] wants to see† . Denny does non understand nor is willing to negociate or pass on with Rita throughout act one. Denny’s aggressive behavior leads to the barbarian action of firing her books. in scene five. and subsequently Rita’s traveling out of the house. This alteration was a effect of Rita’s action to educate herself. despite Rita’s enduring she is still sympathetic and forgiving towards Denny. this is reinforced by Rita depicting where â€Å"the miss he married has gone too† and she subsequently states â€Å"he said I’d betrayed him. I suppose I had† . Throughout act one the audience is accounted for the turning bond between Rita and Frank. In act one scene one the stuck door is a metaphor for the attempt required to alter. Rita is confronted by a physical barrier which she would subsequently get the better of. Rita’s relationship with Frank develops throughout the drama. she is uncomfortable in the first scene of act one. as she is unfamiliar with her milieus. Rita’s uncomfortableness is depicted through her nimble speaking. curse and her changeless moving approximately. this is apparent through scene one as Rita feels â€Å"nervous† as she was â€Å"testing† Frank. Rita is ab initio physically separated from Frank ; there is an intangible barrier between Rita and Frank. However. this is rapidly diminished as their relationship develops. this is apparent as throughout the drama. Rita starts to go less nervous and starts to sit down following to Frank. Rita stops â€Å"talking at† Frank and starts â€Å"talking [ with ] † him. Despite Rita’s lost relationship with Denny and a turning bond with Frank. Rita is still decidedly lacerate between two universes. this is apparent through act one scene seven where Rita states that she is a â€Å"half-cast† . Rita’s experience in London at summer school is important as this is the beginning of a new Rita. nevertheless. it is besides the beginning of a impetus in Rita’s and Franks relationship. She is able to derive assurance to speak â€Å"sophisticatedly† . this encouragement in assurance gave her the bravery to speak and run into new friends. making a new circle of friends for Rita. This means Rita is less dependant of Frank ; this is apparent through her late visual aspects to their tutorials or non go toing at all. Frank confronts Rita kicking â€Å"†¦ that there was a clip when you told me everything† . Franks position of Rita alterations as the drama progresses. Frank is disenchanted with Rita’s transmutation under the influence of Trish and Tyler. Rita. for her portion. has lost her initial regard towards Frank. this is apparent as Frank is invariably imbibing and smoke. whereby Rita is seeking to maintain clean and â€Å"change for the better† . Relationships brush troubles which make it harder to belong ; nevertheless. the nature of relationships alters due to the individual’s picks and the effects which follow as a consequence. Rita’s motives in traveling into the universe are to accomplish some kind of pick about the way her life will follow. Rita does non desire to follow her propertyless way of sightlessness ; alternatively she wants to accomplish an instruction so that she is prone to more informed picks. Rita’s pick to inscribe in an Open University class is the first phase of picks ; this pick was later looked down upon by Denny. However. even though Rita enrolled to the class she is faced with the effects of both Denny and really finishing the class. even after she was accepted to the class she was counterbalancing to â€Å"pack the class in† . coming really near to making that in act one scene seven. However. the sight of her mother’s letdown of non â€Å"singing a different song† is grounds of her unhappiness towards the civilization. This scene is the ultimatum Rita is faced with. she is forced to do a determination between her working category and the in-between category. as she is nether belonging to the working nor the in-between category. This is apparent as she states that she is a â€Å"freak† and a â€Å"half-cast† . nevertheless. her mother’s sadness is a cardinal influence to her determination to remain at the Open University. To Rita the handiness of pick is something of a luxury. she has no program to what she is traveling to after she finishes the course†¦ However. Rita pampers to the handiness of picks. This is apparent in the last scene. where Rita is traveling to make her test. she does non cognize what she is traveling to make for Christmas. nevertheless. she says. â€Å"i dunno. I’ll make a determination. I’ll choose. † This reinforces Rita’s luxury of â€Å"choice† . Rita’s pick to analyze has immense effects in her personal life. This caused clash with her hubby. which subsequently is the cardinal factor to the dislocation of the matrimony. The disaffection of Rita from her household and friends is yet another effect of her pick to analyze. Rita’s disaffection is seen in act one scene seven. as Rita can non happen a topographic point to belong. she feels â€Å"out of step† . from both her household and Frank/upper category. depicting herself as a â€Å"half-cast† . Rita’s and Frank’s bond easy diminishes and they both drift off from each other. to a point where Frank starts naming her different names. Frank is unfastened excessively Rita. later Rita is non. Frank feels his â€Å"creation† had turned out to be a â€Å"monster† . Frank decides to name himself â€Å"Mary Shelly† . this is important as Frank has related Rita and himself to a Gothic figure called â€Å"Frankenstien† . Franks allusion shows the audience that Rita has â€Å"changed for the worst† . Throughout Educating Rita. there is heavy accent of traveling into a different societal category. Rita is dissatisfied with the restrictions she faces within her current on the job category life. She doesn’t tantrum in with her equals in her on the job category vicinity ; this is apparent in act one scene two where she acknowledges that most of her equals would hold had a babe. Rita on the other manus wants to â€Å"discover [ herself ] † and wants â€Å"a better manner of livin’† . She attempts to explicate her restlessness to Denny. but Denny’s reading of Rita’s mercenary footings as merely merely salvaging up and â€Å"moving to a better neighbourhood† . Rita feels congested on the moral values of the working category civilization she is a portion of. This is apparent in act one scene four. she depicts her category as everyone desiring to hold a babe. she says that â€Å"everyone expects it† . everyone expects Rita to settle down to a life of matrimony. Rita strives for a better societal category. one which she can link with. experiencing a big sense of belonging. her desire for a better manner of life leads her into the universe. allowing her hubby. Denny behind she can merely travel frontward. As she progresses through her Open University class. she starts to experience more of a â€Å"half cast† . belonging in nether category. She can non associate to her working category friends. nevertheless. she besides can non talk the linguistic communication of the in-between category. Rita’s position of the working category if really critical. she wholly denies their civilization claiming that she see’s â€Å"everyone pissed†¦ because their lives have no meanin’† . Her position on instruction is a position of â€Å"setting her free† . In Rita’s foremost tutorial. she looks outside Franks window peering at the pupils on the grass. saying ; â€Å"god. what’s it like to be free? † an dry position because Frank is non free. and merely restricted as he is unsated with his occupation. imbibing his manner though each twenty-four hours. Whilst educating Rita provides the audience with a good history of an individual’s patterned advance to belong to a new civilization. â€Å"good will hunting† portrays a complementary history. Like Rita. â€Å"Will hunting† is from the working category civilization. Good Will Hunting is a poetic narrative of a immature man’s battle to happen his topographic point in the universe by first happening out who he is. This is the instance for Rita. she is seeking to â€Å"discover herself† . The film is a journey through the head of Will Hunting as he is forced to digest therapy alternatively of gaol. With the aid of the psychologist. played by Robin Williams. Will discovers himself and recognize his value in the universe by understanding what affairs to him most. An abused Foster kid. he subconsciously blames himself for his unhappy upbringing and turns this self-loathing into a signifier of self-sabotage in both his professional and emotional life. The narrative is about his challenge to interrupt from his propertyless civilization. Will Hunting underscore the elements within â€Å"Educating Rita† . although Will is a troubled mastermind. they both hold the same features. Will. wish Rita experiences the adversities of belonging to a new civilization. Will Hunting is besides faced with an Ultimatum ; Will doesn’t see the chances which lie in front of him. blinded by his way. However. he is put directly by his best mate ; Chuckie who states â€Å"Look – you’re my best friend. so don’t take this the incorrect manner. In twenty old ages. if you’re still livin’ here. comin’ over to my house. still workin’ building. I’ll putting to death you. That’s non a menace I’ll kill you† . This rough statement is the turning point for Will. Will is wholly different to Rita ; they are both universes off from each other. However. in both instances. traveling onto a new universe involves painful alteration before traveling frontward. In both these histories. traveling into a new universe involves troubles and challenges. both characters strive for an instruction to accomplish their coveted result. Rita achieves her ultimate end of holding â€Å"choice† through instruction. Will Hunting in â€Å"good will hunting† is forced to take upon instruction to endeavor for a better category. to open his chances. In both these instances. we see that to travel into a new universe is overwhelmed by troubles. but it could besides convey their coveted wages.

Food and Beverage Operations Essay

This means that liquor outlets can refuse entry and alcohol to any member of the pubmic without giving a reason. Question 2 * People orientated – beverage managers must be comfortable leading their employees and working with the public. a manager is expected to walk the floor and talk to patrons. * Honesty – in some cases beverage manager’s work for the owner of the establishment, who has entrusted his or her managers with the restaurants profits and supplies. Stealing from the establishment or other dishonesty is a fast way to lose the owners trust. * Organized – a good beverage manager will know the key to success is preparations. This means ensuring beverages are fresh and ready to place when customers arrive, beverage managers must be strong administrators. * Flexibility – a beverage manager may be required to work late hours, especially if employed at a bar. You will need to be prepared for all situations. A good beverage manager has the below 5 characteristics: * Confidence * Honesty and integrity * Good management skills * To be able to work well under pressure * Reliability Question 3. On-consumption – an outlet where liquor is served over a counter or to table for the customers to consume on the premises. Off-consumption – an outlet where liquor is sold to the public for consumption elsewhere. The liquor must be sold unopened in sealed containers. Question 4 A bar control system is important in order to attain correct and accurate stock control. Question 5 Possible discrepancies are: * You used the incorrect selling price in the calculations. * The issues and opening stock values could be incorrect * There could be spillages. * Stocks have been stolen as a result of poor security * The addition and extensions could be incorrect Question 6 (a) R1650(Cost) 100 R6000(sales)x 1= 25 (b) 75% Question 7 A cocktail is sipped whereas a shooter is drunk quickly. Question 8 Cocktails have since become a very popular type of drink and operators have realized that consumers are more likely to try a new mix of cocktails which vary from bar to bar. Question 9 To make it attractive. Question 10 The shake method is done in a cocktail shaker and is usually shaken with ice and strained into a glass. The stir method means the ingredients are added together and then stirred to ensure mixing in one of two ways: Mixed in the glass or mixed in a separate container and then strained into the serving glass. Question 11 This means that when a cocktail is shaken with ice, the ice thaws too quickly, diluting the liquor with water and making the drink weaker. Question 12 a) Rum: 1) Cuba Libre – 1 ? Tots white rum Top up with cola according to taste in a highball glass with ice. Lime or lemon wedge to garnish. 2) Bacardi Cocktail – 1 measure Bacardi rum ? measure grenadine ? lemon juice. Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass b) Brandy: 1) Brandy Cocktail-1 ? measures brandy 1 measure cointreau 2 dashes of sugar syrup 2 dashes of angostura bitters Add ice and stir gently, strain into a cocktail glass 2) Stinger – 1 measure brandy 1 measure creme de menthe (white) Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass c) Gin: 1) Gin and It – 1 measure dry gin 1 measure Italian vermouth Pour over ice unto a cocktail glass garnish with a cherry 2) Dry Martini-2 measures dry gin 1 measure dry vermouth Mix and stir gently and serve in a cocktail glass garnish with a twist of lemon and an olive. Question 13 1 ounces Whiskey 5 ounces Soda Water Mix ingredients in a highball glass two-thirds full of ice. Stir briskly and garnish with a lemon twist. | Question 14 Balloon glass. South African liqueur brandy is wellington or old fashioned. Question 15 Sambuco is a liqueur, it is usually meant to be drunk before meals but people prefer to have them as shooters. It is most often served on their own in a liqueur glass or as part of a cocktail. Question 16 The binder: made up of one leaf which holds the filler together. Covers the inner part of the cigar completely.